President McKinley, War and Empire by Richard F. Hamilton

Author:Richard F. Hamilton [Hamilton, Richard F.]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: History, Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies), Political Science, General
ISBN: 9781351496964
Google: 2SwrDwAAQBAJ
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2017-07-05T01:30:09+00:00

Notes

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1. For accounts of the war see the following: Walter Millis, The Martial Spirit: A Study of Our War with Spain (New York, 1965 [1931]); Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Chicago, 1964 [1936]); Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York, 1961); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, 1963); Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, 1993); Howard Wayne Morgan, America’s Road to Empire: The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion (New York, 1965); John A. S. Grenville and George Berkeley Young, Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873–1917 (New Haven, 1966); Hugh Thomas, Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (New York, 1971); Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism 1895–1902, two volumes (New York, 1972); Gerald F. Linderman, The Mirror of War: American Society and the Spanish-American War (Ann Arbor, 1974); Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York, 1976); David F. Trask, The War with Spain in 1898 (New York, 1981); Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Cuba between Empires 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh, 1982); Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens, GA, 1990); John L. Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898 (Chapel Hill, 1992); and Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York, 1998). For a recent brief summary, see Offner, “McKinley and the Spanish-American War,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 34 (2004):50–61.

2. For more extended overviews, see Campbell, Transformation; Grenville and Young, Politics, Strategy; and Thomas, Cuba. Cuban’s history was one of “chronic rebellion,” something that troubled American leaders. From an early point, some American leaders favored annexation; some sharply opposed that option. In 1895, just prior to the Cuban revolution, the United States was involved in the Venezuela boundary dispute. The policies of President Cleveland and Secretary of State Olney brought the nation onto a collision course with Great Britain. It was a prelude to the subsequent drama, an episode that showed the demagogic possibilities of foreign affairs, one that aroused the “jingoes.” See May, Imperial Democracy, p. 33 and Grenville and Young, Politics, Strategy, chs. 5 and 6.

3. Offner, Unwanted War, p. 5.

4. Campbell, Transformation, p. 242. In 1869, in the earlier liberation struggle, Carlos Céspedes, the nominal chief of the Cuban rebels, announced the plan to destroy the sugar plantations. His words: “Better . . . that Cuba should be free even if we have to burn every vestige of civilization” (Thomas, Cuba, p. 255). On events in 1895 and after, see his pp. 321–333.

5. Edwin F. Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba (Cambridge, 1926), pp. 77.

6. Ibid., pp. 143–144. Atkins blamed the United States Congress for its shortsightedness; the new tariff halted and reversed the recent economic development and created the conditions that led to revolution and the subsequent war.

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